only the first few threads (equal to the diameter of the screw) actually provide strength so in the tensile direction they should fail at the same load, assuming they are the same material and diameter. The longer the tang the stiffer the part will be with a bending load both because the tang is "thicker" and because the moment on the joint it closer to the end of the grip, so in that instance the longer tang will be stronger both in the blade direction and perpendicular to it.
Your pictures seem to show the USMC is the short tang not as per your text. The only advantage to the shorter tang is is weighs a little less.
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